OFDM-Based Synchronous PNC Communications Using Higher Order QAM Modulations

Physical-layer Network Coding (PNC) has great potential to improve the throughput and latency in wireless networks. However, there are two main challenges in PNC systems that do not exist in the conventional Point-to-Point (P2P) communication systems: 1) time and frequency asynchrony of the paired PNC users; and 2) ambiguity of the PNC mapping at the relay node. To address these challenges, in this paper, we apply precoding for power control and phase synchronization of the paired PNC users, while we use modulo-√M addition for the PNC mapping ambiguity removal in higher-order M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulations (M-QAM). We evaluate the performance of the system in the framework of the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)-PNC systems with cyclic prefix extension under Rayleigh faded Tapped Delay Line (TDL)-C and Rician faded TDL-D channel models, proposed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), as well as the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel model. The results reveal that our proposed technique can achieve a significant Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) improvement of 12 dB over its asynchronous OFDM-PNC counterpart (without precoding) for Binary Phase Shift Modulation (BPSK) under a TDL-C faded channel model. Moreover, without channel coding, our proposed PNC technique requires an SNR of around 13dB to deliver a two-way 16-QAM communication at a Bit Error Rate of 10^-3 under a Rayleigh faded TDL-C channel.