Introduction

Over the past two decades, new perspectives have emerged on the interactions between human and non-human primates. While early primatological research prioritised natural behaviour of non-human primates in pristine environments, our growing understanding of anthropogenic influences on primate behaviour has led to a paradigm shift. Across the contexts in which non-human primates live – from the most remote forests to primates living as pets or in laboratories – their flexible behavioural adaptations are shaped by the human-primate interface. Here, we consider the expanding recent literature on this subject and how it informs our understanding of the complex relationships between human and non-human primates. We further broadly consider these ranges as a continuum and suggest that we can understand non-human primates better by understanding these continuities across wild and captive contexts.