Crimes associated with geological materials: mining, minerals, metals and fossils

Civilisation has always relied on geological materials, and it would not exist as we know it without the use of minerals. For the foreseeable future minerals will remain fundamentally important commodities. As technology changes, so does the demand for different mineral commodities. For example, as we enter the era of the battery revolution, driven by vehicle electrification and a reduction in the burning of traditional fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), demand for minerals used in battery technologies is predicted to increase significantly. In 2022 alone, the global mining industry had a value of over 2000 billion US dollars. Where such huge amounts of money are involved, it is unsurprising that criminal activity follows. Criminal activity in the mining, minerals and metals industries includes; illegal mining and smuggling, theft (including adulteration and substitution), illegal trade in conflict minerals, fakes, fraud and environmental crime (e.g. pollution, contamination and degradation of the land, air and water). In this article we provide an overview of the types of criminal activities associated with geological materials and the potential role of forensic geologists in mitigating the associated risks.