A computational approach for graphene doped with N,P,B structures as a possible electrode materials for Potassium ion batteries (PIBs); A DFT Investigation

Although lithium-ion batteries are considered an ideal postulant for renewable energy harvesting, storage and applications, these batteries show promising performance; however, at the same time, these harvesting devices suffer from some major limitations, including scarce lithium resources, high cost, toxicity and safety concerns. Potassium ion batteries (PIBs) can be proven a favorable alternative to metal ion batteries because of their widespread potassium reserves, low costs and enhanced protection against sparks. In this study, DFT simulations were employed using the B3LYP/6-311++g(d p) method to explore the application of graphene and its doped variants (N,B,P-graphene) as potential anode materials for PIBs. Various key parameters such as adsorption energy, Gibbs free energy, molecular orbital energies, non-covalent interactions, cell voltage, electron density distribution and density of states were computed as a means to evaluate the suitability of materials for PIB applications. Among the four structures, nitrogen- and phosphorus-doped graphene exhibited negative Gibbs free energy values of −0.020056 and −0.021117 hartree, indicating the thermodynamic favorability of charge transfer processes. Doping graphene with nitrogen and phosphorus decreases the HOMO-LUMO gap energy, facilitating efficient ion storage and charge transport. The doping of nitrogen and phosphorus increases the cell voltage from −1.05 V to 0.54 V and 0.57 V, respectively, while boron doping decreases the cell voltage. The cell voltage produced by graphene and its doped variants in potassium ion batteries has the following order: P-graphene (0.57 V) > N-graphene (0.54 V) > graphene (−1.05 V) > B-graphene (−1.54 V). This study illustrates how nitrogen- and phosphorus-doped graphene can be used as a propitious anode electrode for PIBs.